Bob, who owns a six-year-old Golden Retriever, is planning to relocate from California to Australia. While reviewing Australia’s dog import permit application, he discovers that he needs to get a Rabies Titer Test for his dog. What is a Rabies Titer Test? This post provides a comprehensive explanation.
What Is Rabies Titer Test?

The Rabies Titer Test is a blood test that measures the level of rabies virus-neutralizing antibodies in the blood. This test is crucial for determining whether a pet has developed sufficient immunity to rabies following vaccination. The test is often required for pets traveling internationally to ensure they do not pose a risk of introducing rabies into rabies-free or rabies-controlled countries.
Expert Tip: The Rabies Titer Test (RTT), also known as the Rabies Neutralizing Antibody Titer (RNAT) test, Fluorescent Antibody Virus Neutralization (FAVN) test, or Rabies Antibody Titer Test (RATT), are all names for the same test.
Which Countries Require the Rabies Titer Test?

For pet owners in the United States (excluding Hawaii and Guam) planning to relocate their dogs to foreign countries, several destinations mandate the Rabies Antibody Titer Test. Here is an incomplete list of countries and regions that require the test:
- North America
- Hawaii
- Guam
- Asia
- China
- Indonesia
- Japan
- Singapore
- Sri Lanka
- South Korea
- Taiwan
- Europe
- Iceland
- Oceania
- Australia
- New Zealand
- Middle East
- Israel
- United Arab Emirates
It’s important to note that each country has specific regulations regarding the timing of the test, validity period of the results, and any required waiting periods after the blood draw before the pet can enter. These requirements can change, so pet owners should check the latest rules well in advance of their travel plans.
How Is the Rabies Titer Test Performed?

The Rabies Titer Test involves several steps:
- Blood Draw: A veterinarian draws a blood sample from the pet, typically from the cephalic vein in the front leg.
- Sample Preparation: The blood sample is centrifuged to separate the serum, which contains the antibodies.
- Laboratory Analysis: The serum is sent to an approved laboratory, such as Kansas State University or Auburn University, where it undergoes the Rapid Fluorescent Focus Inhibition Test (RFFIT). This test measures the ability of the antibodies to neutralize the rabies virus.
Expert Tip: For certain destinations, it is essential that the blood sample for the Rabies Titer Test be drawn by a USDA-accredited veterinarian to meet entry requirements.
How Much Does a Rabies Titer Test Cost?

The cost of a Rabies Titer Test can vary depending on several factors, including veterinarian fees, laboratory fees, and shipping costs. On average, the test can range from $200 to $400. It is advisable to check with your veterinarian and the laboratory for the most accurate pricing.
How Quickly Can You Get Rabies Titer Test Results?

The turnaround time for Rabies Titer Test results can vary. Generally, it takes between 3 to 6 weeks to receive the results. Factors such as laboratory workload, holidays, and shipping times can affect the duration.
Expert Tip: With expedited services, you can get the results in just 1-2 weeks from Auburn University.
When Should One Perform a Rabies Titer Test?

Timing is critical when performing a Rabies Titer Test:
- Post-Vaccination: The test should be performed at least 30 days after the rabies vaccination to allow sufficient time for the antibodies to develop. If a test is carried out within 30 days after rabies vaccination, the antibody levels may not have reached their peak, potentially leading to a false negative result.
- Pre-Travel: The test should be conducted at least 3 to 6 months before travel, depending on the destination country’s requirements. For example, the EU requires the test to be done at least 3 months before entry, while Australia mandates a 180-day waiting period.
Which U.S. Labs Can Perform Rabies Antibody Titer Tests?

In the United States, two primary laboratories are recognized for performing the Rabies Antibody Titer Test; a third lab handles tests for military personnels only.
- The Kansas State University Rabies Laboratory is renowned for its expertise and reliability in conducting the Fluorescent Antibody Virus Neutralization (FAVN) test for rabies antibodies. This laboratory handles over 100,000 samples annually and is fully accredited by the American Association of Veterinary Laboratory Diagnosticians (AAVLD). The average turnaround time for the FAVN test at Kansas State University is approximately 3 to 4 weeks from the date the sample is received, with no expedited service available.
- Auburn University’s Serology-Virology Laboratory is another reputable institution for rabies serology testing, recognized by the USDA and the EU. The standard turnaround time for the FAVN test at Auburn University is approximately 3 to 4 weeks from the date the sample arrives at the lab. Auburn University also offers an expedited FAVN testing service, which can reduce the turnaround time to 1 to 2 weeks.
Expert Tip: Ensure the lab you use for your dog’s rabies antibody titer test is approved by the destination country. For instance, Japan does not recognize test results from Auburn University’s lab. If your vet sends your dog’s blood sample to Auburn University, the test results will not be valid for entry into Japan.
What Is the Science Behind the Rabies Titer Test?

The Rabies Titer Test is designed to measure the presence of rabies virus-neutralizing antibodies (RVNA) in the serum. This test is crucial for determining whether an individual has an adequate immune response to the rabies virus, typically following vaccination.
The most commonly used method for this test is the Rapid Fluorescent Focus Inhibition Test (RFFIT). The process begins by diluting the serum sample and mixing it with a standard amount of live rabies virus. This mixture is then incubated with tissue culture cells. If RVNA are present in the serum, they will neutralize the virus, thereby preventing it from infecting the cells. The extent of virus infection in the cells is observed under a fluorescent microscope. The fewer the infected cells, the higher the level of neutralizing antibodies in the serum.
The results of the RFFIT are expressed in International Units per milliliter (IU/mL). According to the World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines, a level of 0.5 IU/mL or higher is considered adequate for protection against rabies. This threshold indicates a sufficient immune response to the rabies vaccination, suggesting that the individual is protected from the virus. If the antibody level falls below this threshold, a booster vaccination may be recommended, especially for individuals at high risk of exposure to rabies.
The RFFIT is recognized for its accuracy and reliability, making it the gold standard for rabies antibody testing. However, it is important to note that the test does not differentiate between antibodies produced in response to vaccination and those produced due to exposure to the virus. Therefore, it is primarily used to confirm the effectiveness of the rabies vaccine rather than to diagnose rabies infection.
Final Thoughts

Ensuring your pet’s health and meeting international travel requirements can be a complex process, but understanding the Rabies Titer Test is a crucial step. This test, whether referred to as the RNAT, FAVN, or RTT, verifies your pet’s immunity to rabies, safeguarding both your pet and the destination country from the spread of this deadly virus. With the right timing, proper laboratory testing, and a clear understanding of the requirements, you can make your pet’s international relocation smooth and stress-free.
At Transcon Pet Movers, we understand the complexities of international pet relocation and are here to assist you every step of the way. Our team of experts can help you navigate the requirements for the Rabies Antibody Titer Test and ensure a smooth and stress-free move for your beloved pet. Contact us today to learn more about our services and how we can help make your pet’s relocation a success.
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